us national parks, How should we manage and sustain parks and Nature Reserves ?

us national parks

Around four hundred national parks in US. The national parks is broadly dedication of         whole protection of all  animal and things in forests. These national parks manages and keep sustain manages the largest number of constructed assets of any civilian agency in the Federal Government.

Today, more than 1,100 major national parks are located in more than 120 countries. However, most these national parks are too small to sustain many large animal species.And many parks suffer from invasions by nonnative species that compete with and reduce the populations of native species Parks in less-developed countries have the greatest biodiversity of all parks globally, but only about 1% of these park lands are protected.

Local people in many of these countries enter the parks illegally in search of wood, cropland, game animals, and other natural products that they need for their daily

survival. Loggers andminers operate illegally in many of these parks, as do wildlife

poachers who kill animals to obtain and sellitems such as rhino horms , elephant tusks,

and furs. Park services in most of the less-developed countries have too little money 

and too few personnel to fight these invasions, either by force or through education.

• CASE STUDY

Stress on U.S. public parks

The U.S. national park system, established in 1912,includes 58 major national parks, sometimes called the country's crown jewels (Figure 10-22), along with 333 monuments

and historic sites. States, counties, and cities also operate public parks.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/NationalParks.forwiki.pdf

popularity is one of the biggest problems for many parks. Between 1960 and 2008, the number of visitors to U.S. national parks more than tripled, reaching 273 mil-lion yearly.

The Great Smoky Mountains National Parkin the states of Tennessee and North Carolina, the country's most frequently visited national park, hosts about 9 million visitors each year. Most state parks are located near urban areas and receive about twice as many visitors per year on average as do the national parks.

During the summer, visitors entering the most popular parks often face long backups and experience noise,congestion, eroded trails, and stress instead of peaceful solitude. In some parks and other public lands, noisy and and polluting dirt bikes, dune buggies, jet skis snowmobiles, and off-road vehicles degrade the aesthetic experience for many visitors, destroy or damage fragile vegetation, and disturb wildife . There is controversy over

whether these machines should be allowed in national parks and proposed wildemess areas within the parks.

Many visitors expect parks to have grocery stores, laundries, bars, and other such conveniences. They also expect cell phone service, which is now available in many parks, along with unsightly cell towers.

image credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/usgeologicalsurvey/13974169513

A number of parks also suffer damage from the migration or deliberate introduction of nonnative species. European wild boars, imported into the state of North Carolina in 1912 for hunting, threaten vegetation in parts of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

Nonnative mountain goats in Washington State's Olympic National Park trample and destroy the root systems of native vegetation and accelerate soil erosion. Nonnative species of plants, insects, and worms entering the parks on vehicle tires and hikers' gear also degrade the biodiversity of park lands.

image credit: https://www.nps.gov/romo/learn/nature/animals.htm

At the same time, native species-some of them threatened or endangered-are killed in, or illegally removed from, almost half of U.S. national parks. This is what happened to the gray wolf in Yellowstone National Park until it was successfully reintroduced there after a
50-year absence (Science Focus, p. 239). Not all park visitors understand the rules that protect species, and rangers have to spend an increasing amount of their time on law enforcement instead of on conservation management and education.